Backend & systems·Resilience and failure handling
the call timed out and you genuinely do not know whether the other side did the work or not.
Partial failure
The defining property of distributed systems: an operation can fail in a way that leaves its outcome unknown to the caller. Local function calls do not do this, which is why treating a remote call like a local one is the root of so many bugs. Idempotency keys and reconciliation exist because you cannot resolve the ambiguity, only make it harmless.